rhamnosus GG to strengthen gut lining, support microbiome balance, and naturally boost GLP-1 levels for metabolic and digestive health
Ethics statement The animal study was reviewed and approved by Institutional Animal Care Committee of Southern Medical University
Cells were collected 48 h after transfection for analysis of apoptosis, stained with FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I ( BD biosciences, USA), and analyzed by flow cytometry
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Compared with traditional imaging or blood biochemical tests, oral microbiome analysis is not only non-invasive and easily repeatable, but also reflects microecological changes and underlying mechanisms of disease, offering new perspectives for personalized disease prevention and treatment
The resulting mitochondrial dysfunction further exacerbates oxidative stress and impairs cellular energy production, creating a vicious cycle of damage and dysfunction [178]